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Why did only we survive?
Solving the mystery of the evolved human homo sapiens!
What amazing abilities of your ancestors!
And how did the Japanese come here?
To solve the mystery, the project is carried out!
Interesting!
What is the result?
Kirin!
Rei!
Good luck!
This special lecture is by Kaifu Yosuke, a human evolutionist.
He studies human evolution and spread of history of Asia for about 2 million years.
Today, you will learn about "homosapiens".
You know what "homosapiens" is, don't you, Airi?
It is the first human being.
Isn't it a little different?
It is the first monkey.
Homosapiens, can you explain it to us?
"Homosapiens" means "us".
Yes, it means "us" now.
So, it is not "human first monkey".
"Homosapiens" means "smart people" in Latin.
It includes modern people all over the world and people of the past.
For example, Jomon people of Jomon era and Chromanion people who will appear later.
I see.
Let's look at the history of human beings in the past.
The first human being is on the left.
When was the first human being born?
It was born in Africa about 7 million years ago.
Africa was the first.
After that, there have been many twists and turns.
As you can see, many branches are separated.
Now that 7 million years have passed since various human beings were born,
we "homosapiens" are the only ones who have learned this history.
So, other than that, there are no more human beings, right?
That's right. It is said that there were about 20 types of human beings.
Now, it seems that human evolution is divided into a large number of stages.
Here it is.
The early human beings, modern human beings, old human beings, and new human beings.
The early human beings are "divos" human beings and "sars" human beings.
It is like "sars" have risen up.
They have become like human beings since they are called "modern human beings".
About 2 million years ago,
human brains became larger and legs became longer.
They began to specialize in life on earth.
After that, human brains became larger and larger.
Old human beings, and us.
"New human beings" are "homosapiens", but they evolved like that.
Are you still "old human beings"?
Who is "old human beings"?
Are you still "old human beings"?
We are all "new human beings".
We are only "homosapiens" now, but there was a time like this in the past.
It is a world about 100,000 years ago.
That's right.
In the past, humans were really diverse, and there were different types of humans in different places, so- called Neanderthals are famous in Europe, but in that era there were other ancient people in China, and there were still primitive people in Indonesia, and there are several types.
In fact, this is more normal for animals. Aren't all animals diverse? Isn't the species different?
On the contrary, it is more mysterious that there is only one species of homo sapiens.
In a sense, this is the mystery of humanity.
For example, there are various types of monkeys such as fox monkeys, glasses monkeys, and long monkeys all over the world now, but that means only one species of glasses monkeys has survived.
In this way, let's find out why only homo sapiens survived among humans who were diverse.
First of all, let's see what kind of human was homo sapiens when it was born.
It's a newcomer, isn't it?
We, homo sapiens, evolved from monkeys, so of course we're not that big.
We're not as big as elephants, and we don't run as fast, but we don't have much power either.
However, we are now a very influential being in the world.
That's a little surprising, isn't it?
It's not like it's insanely strong.
In the past, there were dinosaurs and things like that, right?
Yes, that's right.
Those who ruled the world.
Well, they're strong, aren't they?
But as you can see, physically, they're not that strong.
That's why they can't stand up to big animals, and they don't even have weapons like lions do.
That's how homo sapiens evolved.
I see.
Then, is it only homo sapiens that survived, or did it have something that other humans didn't have?
This is homo sapiens' ability.
What does it mean to be able to cooperate with your peers, professor?
Well, we do things in large groups.
The power of words is really amazing.
Well, you can hurt your opponent with just words, or you can shorten your distance.
It's that big of a deal.
And if you have words, you can even make promises for the future.
"What should we do tomorrow?", "Let's meet up here tomorrow."
You can say that in an instant, right?
You can't do that with other animals.
I see.
That's why it gave me enormous power to cooperate with my peers.
I see.
The second one is that it invented innovative tools one after another.
That's why we asked you to bring a replica of a certain tool.
Now, do you know how to use the tool?
It's a tool invented by homo sapiens.
I see.
Okay, Chihi.
It's for scratching your back.
It's called "mago-no-te".
Even if you have advanced knowledge like that, you still scratch your back.
Ayanin.
It's for patting a futon.
I don't think there was a futon at first.
There is no futon yet.
There wasn't a futon.
There is no futon for patting.
It was 20,000 years ago.
Now, what's your measurement speed like?
Is this okay?
If you can't grab it like that, are you going to make it into a crane and make it into a crane?
No, it's not like that.
Can you tell me the correct answer?
It's his tool, but it's very decorated and eye- catching.
Actually, there's a hook you can hook here.
If you hook the base of the spear here and throw it like this,
If you use this, the power of the spear doubles.
It's like this.
It's normal to throw it, but is it more powerful to use it?
It's very powerful. As you can see from the experiment, it's not a hand-thrown spear, but a auxiliary tool like that.
Now, let's have Yojo experience how to use it.
It's like this. You hook it like this.
And you throw it like this.
Who wants to go first?
It's like an engine.
I see. But it's a great hook.
It looks like it's actually better than a hand- thrown spear.
It looks good on you.
Can I have it?
Can you hold it and look at me?
Can you look at me from over there?
Don't look at me!
There's something over here!
I found it! I found it!
It looks good on you!
I'll give you this as a present!
I'll do it in my solo concert!
Next, we have this thing called "imagination". What does it mean?
Please take a look at this first.
This was found in Europe.
It's a sculpture carved with a mammoth's fangs.
It has a lion's head and a human body.
It's called "lion human".
Did you imagine it like this?
There's no way it exists, right?
That's right.
That's what's interesting about it.
Humans have been creating things that don't exist in this world for a long time.
They don't draw animals as they are, but create things that don't exist.
They've been doing that for a long time.
Nowadays, there are artists and people who create things,
but it's amazing that they've been doing it since that time.
And this is a sculpture based on a bison.
What kind of thing is this?
This is also from 20,000 years ago.
This is 20,000 years ago!
Can you see the reindeer's horns?
It's flat like this.
It's a sculpture carved from that.
The motif of this sculpture is a bison.
It's a bison with horns.
The bison is looking back at you.
It sticks out its tongue and licks you.
The name "licking bison" comes from it.
It looks like he's wearing underpants.
It's not a scratch.
I don't think there was a concept of underpants.
It looks like he's wearing sexy black underpants.
He also did something like this.
This is a mural of the famous Lascaux Cave in France.
There are seven spaces in this cave, and each one has a different painting on it.
This is one of them.
There are pictures of horses, deers, and animals drawn from the ceiling and sides.
It's an amazing space.
In the dark, they light up a lamp and bring in paint and draw on the wall.
It's amazing and exciting.
Did you go there?
I can't go in there, but I've been to other caves.
Is there a similar one like this?
Is it only for homosapiens to draw like this?
It's been like this since we became homosapiens.
This mural was drawn by people like this.
It's like an A-family.
They're a little younger.
Of course, they use fur, but it's reproduced in a sophisticated image.
I'd like you to pay attention to this.
They wear a lot of accessories.
They have animal teeth and a lot of shells and beads they brought from the sea.
You can see that they loved to dress up.
Another important thing is that they have a sewing technique for sewing fur together.
There is proof of this, too.
I brought a replica.
This is a small sewing needle.
It's a little far away, but it's this small.
There are big and small ones.
It has a really small hole in it.
I know that they had a delicate sewing method.
What kind of thread did they use?
It's either plant fiber or animal hair.
It's probably plant fiber.
It hasn't changed much since 20,000 years ago.
The needle hasn't evolved at all.
It hasn't changed at all since then.
It's the same shape as the first one.
Homosapiens with such amazing abilities also had humans as their strongest rivals.
Neanderthals.
You've heard of them, right?
Have you heard of individual Neanderthals?
No.
No?!
You should study properly!
There really aren't any.
I wasn't suspicious of you.
You don't have to say it all over again, but...
So the Neanderthals lived in the same era as you, your rivals?
Yes, they were in Europe.
The pioneers of the Neanderthals were physically strong, so they were used to cold Europe and had physical strength.
The Neanderthals and the Homo Sapiens meet somewhere.
But in the end, the Homo Sapiens survive and defeat the Neanderthals in battle?
I don't know if they fought or not, but there is no evidence of that battle.
But in the end, the Neanderthals disappear.
If they didn't fight, why did they disappear?
For example, other animals, such as Tanpopo or anything else, have changed species without fighting.
In the same way, for example, the Cromanians, who were better at hunting, took the Homo Sapiens and the Neanderthals couldn't get food from it.
There are various ways of thinking about it.
If it's a boar and a pig, wouldn't it be like a half of a boar and a pig?
Wouldn't it be like a half of a Homo Sapiens and a Neanderthal?
No, we now know that it did happen.
The Neanderthals didn't completely disappear.
About 2% of our genes contain Neanderthals' genomes.
Why did you say that?
It's in the dictionary.
It's too much!
Isn't it 2%?
No, it's too much!
Can you look it up for me?
Look it up for me!
Well, in the end, there were many other genes in that situation, but in the end, only our Homo Sapiens survived.
I see.
Homo Sapiens were born in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
They left Africa, headed for the Eurasian continent, and spread all over the world.
Also, I'd like you to pay attention to this.
Homo Sapiens went beyond where their ancestors and ancestors were and went into extremely cold areas.
In winter, it can be -30 or -50 degrees Celsius here.
It's a cold area like that, but Homo Sapiens went to places where humans couldn't go before and spread all over the world.
That's the history of the past 50,000 years.
But it doesn't seem like you have to go to cold places on purpose, does it?
Why is that?
Well, if you think about it, if you go there, you'll find mammoths, hornets and bisons.
There's plenty of food there.
So, if you could adapt to the cold, and if you could find a place where you could live, it might have been an easy place to live.
There aren't many diseases and there are rivers, but it's a place like that.
That's why Homo Sapiens went there.
Does "cold" refer to hair or something like that?
Yes, that's right.
At this time of year, for example, this is a residential area.
This is a residential area made by stacking mammoth bones and so on.
We're going to build houses in places like caves we've been using so far.
We've also provided cold areas with such things and tools.
I see.
That's a really cool house.
Are they all mammoth houses?
Yes, they are all mammoth houses and about 400 bones have been used.
That's a lot of bones.
Four of these houses have been found.
These are ruins of Ukraine, but they have been found.
Is it 4mdk?
No, mammoth doesn't have "m".
What is 4mdk?
What is "dk"?
Why is it "four mammoth second basement"?
4mdk...
I've seen it.
I've given you the answer, but I'm hungry.
It didn't ring.
It did ring.
When I said 4mdk and turned around, my nose didn't ring either.
It didn't ring at all.
Besides Siberia, homo sapiens are advancing, but do you know anything else that can be a barrier for mankind's advancement besides coldness?
Salt.
Border...
That's a great evolution.
How about you, Uka?
Sea?
How do you swim in the water?
I see.
It looks like it's hard to move.
That's right. Not all continents follow each other.
Chihi?
Animals?
I see.
Yes, they come running.
They come running?
I thought it was external or something like that, but animals coming running...
They come attacking you.
They come attacking you, right?
When they attack you, you run, right?
I see.
What is the correct answer, professor?
There is definitely not one barrier, so I think what you said is correct, but if I had to choose only one, it would be the sea.
I see.
That's the correct answer, isn't it?
The sea.
It's still hard, isn't it?
Yes, as you know, mankind will eventually end up in the middle of the Pacific Ocean like Hawaii.
With this kind of technology, we were able to travel all over the world.
I see.
Japan is also a complete island country.
That's right.
Actually, this is a little interesting.
About 38,000 years ago, homo sapiens first appeared in Japan.
At that time, Japan was an island separated from the Pacific Ocean.
So, wherever you go, you have to cross the sea.
So, we are the first Japanese people who have actually crossed the sea.
I see.
So, this is what happened when we entered Japan.
At this time of year, the sea level was low and the terrain was different.
For example, Taiwan is part of the continent.
But Tsushima Strait and Tsugaru Strait were open, and Okinawa is an island.
So, when we came in here, we had to cross the sea.
That's what I know.
Among them, we are now paying the most attention to Okinawa.
This is not the oldest one, but it is difficult to cross the island of Okinawa.
So, we did a little experiment.
We did an experiment of how homo sapiens entered the dragonfly net.
We did an experiment of crossing Yonaguni Island, which is the closest from Taiwan's entrance.
We took an old ship.
We made it and did an experiment of crossing Yonaguni Island, which is the closest from Taiwan's entrance.
- Is this one tree? - Yes, it is.
- You cut down one tree and made it like this? - Yes.
- Did you make it in the same way? - Yes, we did it all in the same way.
- You reproduced what you did at that time in order to know why homo sapiens came to Japan, right? - Yes.
- Isn't it amazing? - Yes, it is.
- You went back to being a homo sapiens at that time and started doing it because you thought you might know something, right?
- Yes, that's right.
- Let's watch the project which is more than 6 years old.
- July 7th, 2019.
- Five men and women on a round ship set sail for Taiwan.
- Their goal is Yonaguni Island.
- How did our ancestors, about 30,000 years ago, cross Kuroshio and cross Okinawa's island islands?
- This is the beginning of an experiment.
- The sun behind us will tell us the direction and time.
- Only the sun.
- Two hours after departure, the sea became rough.
- They keep sailing without resting so that the ship won't capsize.
- They are dead for some reason.
- As they continue to be nervous, they regret at night.
- It's night already.
- While looking for the stars, they look for the direction in which they should go.
- The sky is getting brighter.
- They safely sailed through the night.
- What they want in this project is not only physical strength, technology and experience, but also strong feelings and helping each other.
- Oh, refreshing.
- Hotness, fatigue, fighting with drowsiness.
- It's tough.
- They believe in themselves and keep sailing.
At night, fatigue is already at its peak. They think that they are coming close to the island and take a rest.
- Oh, no. - What's going on?
At dawn, a large and strange cloud appeared in the sky.
- Oh, I see. - There must be an island below it. - Is that so?
- They aim for it and row. - Oh, I see.
- Then they saw it. - Oh, great!
At night, fatigue is already at its peak.
- Oh, I see. - They row with all their might towards the last difficult part of the journey.
- Wow! - 45 hours and 225 kilometers from their departure, they finally arrived at the island.
- Wow! - Their ancestors must have crossed the island in the same way.
They crossed the sea and opened up a new world.
- Wasn't that their true form? - Great!
- Wow! - Wow!
I don't know why we came here, but if we don't do this much, we can't come here.
- I think it's best to know that it was our ancestors who did it. - I see.
- What's more important is that in today's world, you want to go on an adventure with only men. - Yes, that's right.
- But you can't go on an adventure with only men. Men and women have to go together in order for them not to mutate. - So they can't have children. - Yes, that's right.
- Oh, I see. - In today's world, you think of it as an adventure, so you want to go on an adventure with only two men.
- But it's not like that for our ancestors. - Oh, I see.
- So if you think of our ancestors tens of thousands of years ago, you might think we're like monkeys imagining Gertrude's manga image.
- But it turns out that it wasn't like that for our ancestors. - That's amazing!
- Thank you so much! - I didn't do it!
- Please tell them I said hi! - I have nothing to do with it!
Kashiko, who was excellent this week as well, will announce the candidates for "stupid kids" who didn't do well at all.
The prize is either a reward or a punishment game.
Yes, I will announce it now.
This week's Kashiko is...
- a seal! - A seal!
- A seal!
"Crossing the sea" quiz.
- Great success! - Great success!
And this week's "stupid kids" candidates are...
- Chihi and Cocona! - Huh?
Chihi's answer is that an animal is running towards you.
And Cocona's answer is...
that Cocona isn't studying.
Obviously, I'm saying too much.
Now, what you two will do this week is...
an illustration competition to improve your imagination!
Now, using the abilities of homo sapiens and your imagination,
please draw a picture of a mammoth!
The person who draws it well will be judged in the Yamauchi judgment.
The person who loses will be today's "stupid kids".
Now, let's begin. Ready, start!
Are you good at drawing?
- I'm good at drawing. - You're good at it.
Since Cocona isn't studying anymore,
there's a possibility that she's specialized in martial arts.
Now, please show us your picture. Here you go!
Um... wait a minute...
Um... what should I do?
- Well, it's a Yamauchi judgment. - Yes, it is.
"Stupid kids" is Cocona!
Chihi isn't that good at it,
but you can tell that she's trying to do it.
At first glance, you'd think it's a mammoth.
- But... - That's a big problem.
Cocona...
Do you know what "mammoth" is?
A cow?
Something like that.
Even if it's a cow, it's different, right?
Everyone's favorite "gyoza no osho" special!
Chawanmushi and gyoza?!
The stylish "gyoza no osho" is also...
Delicious!
You can use it tomorrow! A lot of exclusive behind-the- scenes stories!
I see you, though!